When designing a modular DC-DC system, it is important to look at the entire power-delivery system from source to load to achieve the desired functionality and performance. This tutorial series examines the modular DC-DC system design process and walks through an example set of system loads and the process to supply those from a given source.

This series also addresses overall system integration of DC-DC modules and the support circuitry necessary for a complete power system design. This includes considerations for the power source and decoupling, filtering and stability analysis, output filtering and transient response, driving specialized loads (i.e., pulse loads), safety and protection, current sharing, and fault-tolerant arrays, as well as signal-level input/output.

Advantages of modular design

DC-DC power modules enhance the overall system design process and offer three main benefits to the designer.

High performance – DC-DC modules present a prequalified solution that enables designers to deliver power reliably and efficiently, which is of paramount concern for the demanding load requirements of today’s power systems. A variety of module classes are available, and these offer numerous benefits in terms of their power density, integration and efficiency.

Modular nature – Unlike discrete designs, modules provide flexible building-blocks to construct complex power systems and enable designers to more easily take advantage of advanced power delivery architectures for decentralized power systems like the Vicor Factorized Power Architecture™ or the older intermediate bus architecture. Once developed, these solutions are easily scaled to meet different requirements and different power levels. Additionally, operating requirement changes that occur late in the system design do not derail a project completely: different modules can be substituted or multiplied as system requirements evolve.

Speed – With power modules, it is possible to realize faster development time from conception of the design to final implementation — all while incurring minimal technical risk.

Four stages of design

Stage 1: Basic system requirements

The first stage in designing a power system is identifying system requirements. At this stage, ask the following questions to conceptualize a high-level definition of the system and its operation:

• Where is the power coming from?
• What are the characteristics of the power source?
• What types of loads need to be supplied?
• What architecture best meets the system needs?

Next, tabularize the system operating voltages, currents, and power levels. Do this by listing the loads and organizing them according to the required output voltage and the loads’ current requirements.

It is also useful to begin thinking about specialized functions that may be required. In the example below, there is a point-of-load at 1.2V with a 120A current requirement. That particular load has a tight regulation requirement and can experience up to 200A peak current. The second example is a 2.2V load —an LED driver, for example — which must be current-regulated.

Stage 2: System architecture

Develop a power delivery architecture and begin to select and finalize the power modules needed to fulfill the system conversion needs. Construct a block diagram of the system and settle on an architecture for providing power from source to load.

Begin by laying out the system outputs, as shown on the far right side in Figure 1. The points-of-load range up to 48V, 16A. A review of the available power modules on the market makes it possible to decide what classes of modules are appropriate to supply those loads.

Next, consider some of the physical constraints of the system. This can include things such as the available space for system implementation, design considerations for isolation requirements, and whether or not it will be possible to take advantage of specialized power delivery network architectures. Factorized power is shown in this example supplying some of these points-of-load using a 48V bus.

With the loads laid out and the point-of-load regulators and power modules in place, it is possible to begin working backward from the load side to the source, using datasheet efficiency estimates for each load branch to formulate the current output requirements of the upstream conversion blocks. Working towards the 48V bus from the points-of-load, the block diagram indicates that the system will need to supply at least 9.5A of current from the bus converters, and effectively sets the requirements for selecting modules.

More refinements may be necessary as part of this design. For example, the 2.2V load where the load specification could change, perhaps doubling the required current for that load. This is easy to solve with a modular approach: simply double up the voltage transformation modules to satisfy the new design requirement. Adjust the efficiency estimates and the load requirements on the upstream bus converters as needed to form a picture of the overall system design.

Stage 3: Implementation

At this point in the design process, module configurations and external circuitry necessary for final system integration are finalized. A module or a collection of modules is not a complete power system; spanning the gap from source to load means addressing many areas of concern:

• Compliance with international EMI standards requires additional filtering
• Module protections are often narrow and limited to preservation of the module itself
• Source and load characteristics dictate decoupling needs
• Specialized load or redundancy requirements for high-reliability applications
• Connection to system controllers and power sequencing

Determining what these concerns entail is where the bulk of the design work is done. Start by examining an idealized example of supporting circuitry, which for simplicity is shown around a single DC-DC module.

Working outward from the power module, designers must first mitigate the noise characteristics of the switching converter, which includes input- and output-side filtering. Second, ensuring system stability requires analysis of power source and distribution line impedances in order to provide appropriate decoupling of the source from the regulating power module. Additional support circuitry may be required to meet safety requirements and protect the system from surges and spikes, depending upon the operating environment. Finally, any special load considerations must be accounted for in the system design.

Stage 4: Module control and monitoring

The final stage of the design process is interacting with the modules, tailoring behavior and managing the control and monitoring interfaces. Power modules have various signaling and low-voltage I/O capabilities: analog interfaces and digital interfaces for interacting with the modules.

A typical analog interface for a power converter provides access to various control capabilities – output voltage trim, for example. There may be an enable pin that can be connected to an external controller, as well as basic monitoring capabilities in the form of a fault flag pin. The module might provide a representative voltage that corresponds to an internal temperature monitor.

For more detailed monitoring information and control, many power modules offer PMBus® over a digital interface, which provides output voltage trim control, enable/disable control, and other configuration options. Set points for current-limit threshold and fault protection may be available, which makes tailoring the module behavior to specific application needs possible. Additionally, digital fault-status flags give a better capability to identify fault causes such as undervoltage, overvoltage or overcurrent events.

Regulated modules often provide remote-sensing capabilities that enable tighter regulation at the load by compensating for distribution line impedance drop. Remote sensing makes use of a Kelvin connection of two sense leads that monitor the voltage directly at the load terminals so that the controller can offset voltage drop in high-current distribution systems.

Irrespective of analog or digital control signaling, it is important to differentiate the grounds to which the power signals and low-level signals are referenced. If a low-power signal-level connection shares a common ground return path with the module’s power output, high-frequency noise from the switching action of the module can be coupled into the signal due trace parasitics and cause erratic operation. To prevent the power current from flowing through the signal ground, connect the signal ground and the power ground at a single point only.

Having completed this general overview of the design process for systems that employ DC-DC power modules, the following series of tutorials will address in greater detail the major considerations of the third design stage: 1) filter design, 2) stability analysis and source decoupling, 3) safety, protection, surges and spikes, and 4) loads.